10％乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的沉积分布及残留消解动态

为探究10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂(有效成分质量分数:5%乙霉威,5%腐霉利)在设施黄瓜上施用后的沉积分布特性及残留消解动态,采用PC-3A(S)型激光粉尘仪及粉尘取样片,分别研究了不同设施类型、不同温湿度及不同施药角度下,10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的沉积分布情况;并于2017年和2018年,分别在北京市进行了该药剂在设施黄瓜叶片和果实中的残留及消解动态试验。结果表明:不同设施类型、不同温度条件下,10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂的沉积分布特性无明显差异,且其有效成分分解率不受温度影响;不同湿度条件下,该微粉剂在黄瓜叶片上的沉积量不同,湿度越大沉积量越多。乙霉威和腐霉利在黄瓜叶片和果实中的消解动态均符合准一级动力学或一级动力学方程,2种药剂在叶片中的半衰期分别为3.2 d和3.0~3.2 d,在果实中的半衰期分别为4.0~4.3 d和3.1~3.8 d。采用10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂,分别按100 g/hm2和150 g/hm2(1.5倍)剂量于黄瓜幼果期施药,最多施药3次,施药间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药间隔7、10和14 d分别采样,乙霉威在黄瓜果实中的最大残留量为0.88 mg/kg,低于中国国家标准规定的其最大残留限量(MRL)值(5 mg/kg),腐霉利在黄瓜果实中的最大残留量为0.49 mg/kg,也低于其MRL值(2 mg/kg)。该研究结果可为10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的安全使用提供数据支持。     

Assessing the effects of vegetation and precipitation on soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China has a significant impact on local economic development and ecological environment. Vegetation and precipitation are considered to be the main factors for the variation in soil erosion. However, it is a big challenge to analyze the impacts of precipitation and vegetation respectively as well as their combined effects on soil erosion from the pixel scale. To assess the influences of vegetation and precipitation on the variation of soil erosion from 2005 to 2015, we employed the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to evaluate soil erosion in the TRHR, and then developed a method using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model (LMDI) which can exponentially decompose the influencing factors, to calculate the contribution values of the vegetation cover factor (C factor) and the rainfall erosivity factor (R factor) to the variation of soil erosion from the pixel scale. In general, soil erosion in the TRHR was alleviated from 2005 to 2015, of which about 54.95% of the area where soil erosion decreased was caused by the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor, and 41.31% was caused by the change in the R factor. There were relatively few areas with increased soil erosion modulus, of which 64.10% of the area where soil erosion increased was caused by the change in the C factor, and 23.88% was caused by the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor. Therefore, the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor were regarded as the main driving force for the decrease of soil erosion, while the C factor was the dominant factor for the increase of soil erosion. The area with decreased soil erosion caused by the C factor (12.10×10³ km²) was larger than the area with increased soil erosion caused by the C factor (8.30×10³ km²), which indicated that vegetation had a positive effect on soil erosion. This study generally put forward a new method for quantitative assessment of the impacts of the influencing factors on soil erosion, and also provided a scientific basis for the regional control of soil erosion.     

Application of imidacloprid controlled-release granules to enhance the utilization rate and control wheat aphid on winter wheat

During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide efficiency. This study investigated two types of imidacloprid controlled-release granule (CR-GR): 2% imidacloprid CR-GR and 0.2% imidacloprid pesticide-fertilizer controlled-release granule (PF-CR-GR) when wheat was sown in winter. The release performance, utilization rate, terminal residues in edible parts, control effect on aphids, and achieved winter wheat yield were evaluated for both laboratory experiments and field application. Imidacloprid PF-CR-GR released more quickly in aqueous medium than CR-GR because of its good water solubility. After CR-GR treatments, the concentrations in wheat roots and soil were similar throughout the entire sampling period, and the concentrations in shoots were about 10–20% of those in roots. Imidacloprid was better absorbed when CR-GR was used as root treatment, compared with foliar treatment. Field application showed that imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR controlled aphids throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat and improved the wheat yield. These findings identified application of imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR on winter wheat as an effective way to enhance the pesticide utilization rate and ensure adequate yield. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pesticides and guides scientific pesticide application.     

湖北三峡库区晚熟脐橙不同海拔果实品质变化及枯水防控技术研究

以湖北三峡库区秭归地区不同海拔伦晚脐橙（Citrus sinensis Osbeck ‘Lane late’ Navel）果实为试验材料，探讨了湖北三峡库区晚熟脐橙果实枯水防控栽培技术，进行了晚熟脐橙种植区域布局研究，结果表明，在湖北三峡库区，江南晚熟脐橙适宜区域化种植在海拔360 m以下，江北在海拔350 m以下。在适宜范围外，随海拔升高，晚熟脐橙果实品质下降，可食率、果汁率降低，酸下降快，化渣性变差，果实枯水加重。其次，探讨了晚熟脐橙果实枯水防控生产技术，冬季套袋试验效果好，果实枯水比率控制在5%以下，显著低于对照果实（枯水率50%），可有效减轻和防止晚熟脐橙果实枯水，而且套袋果实外观好，品质优。覆膜技术效果其次，果实枯水比率可以控制在20%以下，而且该技术简便、劳动量小且成本较低，可以在生产中应用。     

中国三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量

为给内蒙古高原区、黄土高原区和西北荒漠绿洲区紫花苜蓿测土施肥奠定科学基础,采用零散实验数据整合法以及养分平衡-地力差减法,开展了三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量研究。结果表明,内蒙古高原区紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾第1~4级指标依次为≥342mg/kg、89~342mg/kg、24~89mg/kg和<24mg/kg,黄土高原区第1~6级指标依次为≥171mg/kg、96~171mg/kg、54~96mg/kg、30~54mg/kg、17~30mg/kg和<17mg/kg,西北荒漠绿洲区第1~4级指标依次为≥303mg/kg、140~303mg/kg、65~140mg/kg和<65mg/kg;当目标产量9~27t/hm²、钾肥利用率50%时,第1~6级土壤的推荐施钾量分别为0、54~162kg/hm²、108~324kg/hm²、162~486kg/hm²、216~648kg/hm²和270~810kg/hm²。     

渠堤化城镇河岸带的植被特征及其用地影响

渠堤化是干扰城镇河流的常见建设方式，掌握植物特征及对其产生显著影响的用地因素，对于优化渠化的城镇河岸植被带具有重要意义。采用样带全面调查的方法，对北京段已基本全线渠堤化潮白河河岸带植物进行调查，通过多重比较分析河岸带植物丰富度在不同空间位置的差异，并利用NMDS非约束排序拟合解译的周边缓冲区土地利用数据，探讨对渠堤化河岸带植物丰富度和种类分布产生显著影响的因素。结果表明:1）河岸带植物种类174种（乔、灌、草分别为52、29、90种），以草本为主；2）全线渠堤化城镇河流河岸带植物群落种类及丰富度均存在建成区和非建成区的显著差异，总体植物、乔木和灌木植物丰富度在建成区显著大于非建成区，但入侵植物沿渠堤化河岸带不存在空间位置的差异，入侵可能沿渠堤蔓延；3）周边缓冲区道路、其他不透水地表面积是城镇地区全线渠堤化河岸带植物丰富度的显著正相关影响因子，对主要观赏灌木和乔木种类分布存在积极影响，对原生灌木和草本种类分布存在消极影响，这种分布特征受人工干扰影响。     

墨脱县农田土壤养分现状与分布特征

本研究利用2017年墨脱县农田测土配方项目土壤调查数据,运用地统计学方法研究了墨脱县耕层土壤有机质(SOM)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)养分含量现状及分布特征,以期为墨脱县耕地土壤科学合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明:当前墨脱全县土壤SOM、AN、AP和AK平均含量为89.18 g/kg、201.25 mg/kg、11.23 mg/kg、313.17 mg/kg;90%的土壤样本有机质含量处于丰富水平;83%的土壤样本碱解氮含量处于丰富、稍丰等级;84%的土壤样本速效磷含量在中等及中等以下肥力水平;46%的土壤样本速效钾含量处于中等及以下水平。从空间分布来看,土壤SOM、AK总体上呈现西高东低,AN含量由北至南呈升高趋势,土壤AP整体上没有明显的空间变化规律。墨脱县耕地土壤养分整体表现为有机质含量丰富,氮素养分较丰富,磷素养分缺乏现象普遍,钾素养分部分区域缺乏。为提升墨脱县耕地土壤肥力水平,各乡镇应该因地制宜进行土壤培肥。     

模式生物果蝇在水环境污染物毒理学中的应用及研究进展

经济发展以及人类活动加速造成生态环境破坏,工业及生活污水的过度排放使得江河、海水的污染加剧,对人类健康的危害也日益加深。果蝇作为一种经典的模式生物,与其它动物模型相比,具有饲养成本低、生命周期短、繁殖能力强、遗传物质简单、突变表型多且易于观察等诸多优点,是一种应用广泛并适合于研究人类疾病和毒理学的模式生物。简述了水环境中挥发性有机化合物、氟喹诺酮类药物、重金属、农药和微生物毒素等污染物对果蝇的毒理学研究,提出了果蝇作为经典的模式生物在研究毒理学机制以及筛选抗毒药物的优势,并对未来的发展趋势做了展望。     

牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤特性及小麦全蚀病防治研究

为充分利用牡丹籽粕中杀虫抑菌等作用成分,确定不同浓度牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤性质的影响。本研究通过结合单因素和正交实验、土壤化学性质分析方法及小麦全蚀病室内生物活性测定方法,确定了牡丹籽粕中有效成分最优提取条件为60%乙醇浓度、120 W超声功率、50℃提取温度;发现牡丹籽粕提取液在一定浓度范围内可降低连作土壤pH、改善土壤碱性,对土壤养分中有机质含量、全氮、碳氮比、全磷、灰分均表现出低浓度促进作用,高浓度抑制作用“低促高抑”作用,并有益于真菌、放线菌数量及纤维素酶和脲酶活性的增加;此外,牡丹籽粕提取液浓度为0.8 mg/mL (T4)时,其对小麦全蚀病治疗作用防效达63.42%。本研究结果可为牡丹籽粕废弃物的资源化利用及植物源环保型杀菌剂的开发奠定基础。